Anabolic Steroids Explained: Mechanisms and Associated Hazards
Corticosteroids and anabolic steroids are two distinct classes of steroid hormones that serve different physiological roles, medical applications, and carry varied risks for users. While they share a common chemical backbone, their mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses diverge sharply.
Anabolic–androgenic steroids: How do they work and what are the risks?
The term “anabolic–androgenic steroids” refers to synthetic derivatives of testosterone that have been chemically altered to enhance anabolic effects—such as muscle growth—and reduce androgenic side effects. These compounds bind to intracellular androgen receptors in target tissues, triggering a cascade of gene expression changes that increase protein synthesis, promote nitrogen retention, and stimulate satellite cell activity. The result is increased lean body mass, improved strength, and faster recovery times for athletes or individuals seeking physique enhancement.
The risks associated with anabolic–androgenic steroids are manifold. Short-term side effects can include acne, oily skin, mood swings, and gynecomastia in males due to aromatization of excess testosterone into estrogen. Long-term use may lead to liver toxicity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, infertility, testicular atrophy, and a heightened risk of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction or stroke. In females, risks include virilisation, menstrual irregularities, voice deepening, and clitoral enlargement. Psychological effects such as aggression, depression, and dependence are also documented. Additionally, the illicit market for these substances often involves counterfeit products with unknown purity levels, further increasing health hazards.
Corticosteroids: How they differ
Unlike anabolic steroids, corticosteroids mimic the activity of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. They exert potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects by inhibiting phospholipase A2, reducing cytokine production, and suppressing leukocyte migration. Corticosteroids are prescribed for a wide array of conditions including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, allergic reactions, and certain cancers. Their side-effect profile typically includes weight gain, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, skin thinning, mood changes, and increased susceptibility to infections. Chronic systemic use can also lead to adrenal suppression, where the body’s own cortisol production is diminished.
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Peter Bond
Dr Peter Bond is a well-known researcher who has contributed significantly to our understanding of steroid pharmacology. His studies on the differential effects of synthetic anabolic–androgenic steroids versus natural testosterone have shed light on how structural modifications influence receptor binding affinity and metabolic pathways. In his 2021 review published in the Journal of Endocrinology, Bond discusses the mechanisms behind anabolic steroid-induced hepatic toxicity and outlines strategies for monitoring liver enzymes in patients undergoing long-term therapy. His work also examines emerging therapies that aim to separate anabolic benefits from androgenic side effects, a promising direction for safer muscle-building drugs.
By contrasting Athlete drug testing controversies , uses, and risks of corticosteroids with those of anabolic–androgenic steroids, clinicians can better inform patients about therapeutic choices and potential adverse outcomes. Understanding these differences is crucial for both medical professionals and individuals who may be considering or already using these powerful compounds.